Web

Reverse engineering apps is one of the fastest ways to level up as a developer. Not because you should copy a product feature-for-feature, but because rebuilding a familiar experience forces you to think like both a product designer and a systems engineer.

For this breakdown, I rebuilt the core of a popular team chat app—think channels, threaded conversations, and workspace membership—but in a much smaller, cleaner form. No enterprise billing. No sprawling permissions matrix. No endless settings screens. Just the part that teaches the most about product scoping and app architecture.

That constraint matters. The biggest collaboration apps in this category support millions of users and sit at the center of daily work for companies around the world. At that scale, the hard parts are reliability, search, permissions, integrations, and real-time delivery. In a smaller build, you can isolate the architectural ideas without getting buried in edge cases.

If you’ve ever wanted a practical clone app tutorial that goes beyond “here’s the folder structure,” this is the version I wish I had. I’ll walk through what I built, what I intentionally left out, and how I made the frontend/backend split simple enough to ship while still teaching real system design basics.

Quick Preview of the Build

Here’s the path I followed:

1. Pick the smallest version of the product that still feels real
2. Define the domain model before writing UI code
3. Design APIs around user actions, not database tables
4. Keep the frontend fast by separating server state from local UI state
5. Build real-time updates as an enhancement, not a dependency
6. Make clear tradeoffs around search, scale, and permissions
7. Leave out the expensive features on purpose

The result was a simpler team chat app with:

• Workspaces
• Channels
• Members
• Messages
• Threads
• Read tracking
• Basic search over recent messages

That’s enough to feel useful, and enough to surface real architecture decisions.

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1. Start by Shrinking the Product Scope

What I did

Instead of trying to rebuild an entire collaboration platform, I defined a strict “version 1”:

• A user can join a workspace
• A workspace has channels
• A channel contains messages
• A message can have thread replies
• Users can read, send, and reply
• Users can search recent messages inside the workspace

That was it.

I explicitly cut:

• File uploads
• Reactions
• Typing indicators
• Rich text editing
• Voice/video
• Bots and integrations
• Granular admin permissions
• Cross-workspace search
• Offline sync
• Full notification rules

Why it matters

This is the part most developers skip when reverse engineering apps. They see the polished product and start coding the visible features, but the real leverage is deciding what not to build.

A simpler product gives you room to make better architectural decisions. It also helps you understand the shape of the original app. Mature products look complex because they’ve accumulated years of edge cases. Your goal is to identify the minimum interaction loop that makes the app feel authentic.

For a team chat app, that loop is simple:

1. Enter workspace
2. Open channel
3. Read recent messages
4. Send message
5. Reply in thread

If that loop works well, the app already feels recognizable.

Common mistake to avoid

Don’t scope by UI. Scope by user behavior.

“Sidebar, message list, composer” is not a product definition. “People discuss work in channels and branch side conversations into threads” is.

Concrete tip

Before writing code, force yourself to finish this sentence:

“The app is useful if a user can __.”

For this build, mine was:

“The app is useful if a user can join a workspace, follow a channel conversation, and reply without losing context.”

That sentence guided every architecture decision after that.

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2. Model the Domain Before the Database

What I did

I defined the core entities first:

• User
• Workspace
• WorkspaceMember
• Channel
• ChannelMember (optional depending on privacy model)
• Message
• ThreadReply
• ReadState

A simplified relational model looked like this:

users
workspaces
workspace_members
channels
messages
read_states

Key relationships:

• A workspace has many members
• A workspace has many channels
• A channel has many messages
• A message may belong to a parent message for threading
• A read state tracks the last seen message per user per channel

I used a single messages table for both top-level messages and replies:

• id
• workspace_id
• channel_id
• author_id
• parent_message_id nullable
• body
• created_at
• edited_at
• deleted_at

Top-level channel messages had parent_message_id = null. Thread replies referenced the parent.

Why it matters

This is one of the most important app architecture decisions in the whole build.

Using one table for both messages and replies keeps the write path simple. You don’t need two separate content systems. You can still query:

• channel timeline = messages where parent_message_id is null
• thread replies = messages where parent_message_id = :messageId

That gives you a clean model without over-engineering.

Common mistake to avoid

Don’t create a table for every visible UI component.

A “thread panel” is not a database entity. It’s just a filtered view over messages.

Example schema decision

I also avoided storing derived counts too early. For example, instead of immediately adding reply_count to every message, I computed it on read for the first version.

Why? Because cached counters make writes more complex:

• send reply
• update thread count
• maybe publish event
• maybe invalidate cache

That’s worth doing later, not on day one.

---

3. Design the API Around Workflows, Not CRUD

What I did

I avoided a generic “CRUD everything” backend and designed endpoints around the core flows.

Example API surface:

GET    /workspaces/:workspaceId
GET    /workspaces/:workspaceId/channels
GET    /channels/:channelId/messages?cursor=...
POST   /channels/:channelId/messages
GET    /messages/:messageId/thread
POST   /messages/:messageId/replies
POST   /channels/:channelId/read
GET    /workspaces/:workspaceId/search?q=...

A message creation payload stayed intentionally small:

{
  "body": "Ship the migration after lunch?"
}

A thread reply looked like:

{
  "body": "Yes, as long as the backfill completes first."
}

Why it matters

When you’re building a simpler version of a popular app, API design should mirror what the user is trying to do.

Users do not think in terms of:

• create message record
• update parent entity
• refetch aggregate

They think in terms of:

• post into channel
• open thread
• reply to thread
• mark channel as read

That makes the backend easier to understand and the frontend easier to wire.

Common mistake to avoid

Don’t expose your database structure directly as your API contract.

If your frontend needs three requests and client-side joins just to open a channel, the API is too low-level.

Concrete tip

Return UI-ready shapes for the highest-traffic screens.

For example, the channel timeline response included:

• message author summary
• message body
• created timestamp
• reply count
• whether current user has read past this point

That slightly denormalized response reduced frontend complexity a lot.

---

4. Draw a Hard Line Between Server State and UI State

What I did

I split frontend state into two buckets:

Server state

• workspace
• channels
• messages
• thread data
• search results
• read markers

Local UI state

• selected channel
• open thread panel
• draft message text
• search modal visibility
• optimistic sending state

This sounds obvious, but it’s the difference between a maintainable app and a fragile one.

Why it matters

A chat interface changes constantly. If you mix network data and UI behavior into one giant store, you’ll spend more time debugging state synchronization than building features.

The boundary I used was:

• If it originates from the backend or needs revalidation, treat it as server state
• If it only affects the current screen interaction, keep it local

That made the app much easier to reason about.

Common mistake to avoid

Don’t put draft composer text in the same cache layer as fetched messages.

One is ephemeral user input. The other is shared backend data. They have different lifecycles.

Example frontend boundary

The channel screen had three independent pieces:

1. Message timeline query
2. Thread query for selected parent message
3. Local composer state

That separation made it easy to:

• refetch messages without clearing drafts
• switch threads without losing the channel timeline
• optimistically render a sent message while the network request finished

---

5. Add Real-Time Carefully Instead of Building Around It

What I did

I built the app to work without real-time first.

The initial version used:

• paginated fetch for channel messages
• periodic refresh or manual revalidation
• optimistic updates after sending

Then I layered in WebSocket or event-stream updates for:

• new messages in the active channel
• new thread replies for the open thread
• read marker updates

Why it matters

This is a major lesson from reverse engineering apps: many “real-time” products are really a mix of durable request/response workflows plus event updates on top.

If your app only works when the socket is perfect, it will be brittle. If it works fine with plain HTTP and gets better with live updates, it will be resilient.

That’s the right order.

Common mistake to avoid

Don’t make WebSocket events your source of truth.

The database is the source of truth. Events are delivery hints.

When the client reconnects, it should be able to recover by refetching the latest channel state.

Concrete tip

Use events for invalidation, not reconstruction.

Instead of sending giant payloads for every change, a simple event like this often works better:

{
  "type": "channel.message.created",
  "channelId": "ch_123",
  "messageId": "msg_456"
}

The client can decide whether to insert optimistically, refetch, or ignore based on context.

That keeps your event protocol stable.

---

6. Make Search and Read Tracking “Good Enough,” Not Perfect

What I did

I included two lightweight features that dramatically improved usability:

• workspace message search over recent indexed content
• per-channel read tracking using the latest seen message

Search was intentionally basic:

• text query
• workspace-scoped
• recent messages first
• no advanced ranking
• no typo tolerance

Read tracking was also simple:

• each user stored a last-read message or timestamp per channel
• unread count was derived relative to newer messages

Why it matters

These are great examples of features that feel “core” to a polished product, but don’t need enterprise-grade complexity in a smaller build.

You don’t need to build world-class information retrieval to teach system design basics. You just need enough search to demonstrate indexing boundaries and enough read state to support a realistic UX.

Common mistake to avoid

Don’t start by calculating exact unread counts across every possible state transition.

That gets complicated fast once you include:

• edited messages
• deleted messages
• thread-only unread behavior
• muted channels
• mentions
• notification preferences

For a simpler build, “messages after last seen” is enough.

Example tradeoff

I deliberately chose channel-level read state instead of per-message read receipts.

Why?

Because channel read tracking solves a real user need with far less write amplification. Per-message receipts create much heavier fan-out and don’t meaningfully improve the learning value of the project.

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7. Decide What Lives on the Backend vs. the Frontend

What I did

I kept these concerns on the backend:

• authorization
• membership checks
• message persistence
• pagination
• search
• read state updates
• event publication

I kept these on the frontend:

• active channel routing
• thread panel behavior
• draft composition
• optimistic rendering
• scroll restoration
• local filtering and display logic

Why it matters

A good build breakdown should make this boundary explicit, because many architecture problems come from putting logic in the wrong place.

For example:

• Permission checks belong on the backend, always
• Whether the thread drawer is open belongs on the frontend, always

There are gray areas, but most mistakes happen when developers move server rules into client code because it feels faster in the moment.

Common mistake to avoid

Don’t trust the client to enforce workspace membership or channel access.

Even in a demo build, keep authorization on the server. Otherwise your architecture teaches the wrong lesson.

Concrete tip

Ask this question for each piece of logic:

“If I changed clients tomorrow, would this rule still need to exist?”

If yes, it probably belongs on the backend.

---

8. Think About Scale Early, But Only Solve the First Order Problems

What I did

I didn’t try to architect for internet-scale traffic. I did, however, make a few decisions that wouldn’t collapse immediately under growth:

• cursor pagination instead of offset pagination for messages
• indexes on channel_id, workspace_id, created_at, and parent_message_id
• append-heavy write model for messages
• cached channel metadata where useful
• async event delivery for real-time fan-out

Why it matters

The biggest apps in this category handle enormous message volume, global concurrency, and long retention windows. Your simplified build does not need that infrastructure, but it should still reflect the shape of the problem.

That means solving the first-order issues:

• timelines should paginate efficiently
• writes should be simple
• thread lookups should be indexed
• reconnect flows should be recoverable

Common mistake to avoid

Don’t use offset pagination for an active message stream.

As messages arrive, offsets drift. Cursor-based pagination is more stable and maps better to time-ordered content.

Example scaling thought process

I didn’t build:

• sharded event infrastructure
• distributed search clusters
• per-region message replication
• advanced cache invalidation

But I did build with the assumption that:

• message reads far outnumber message writes in many channels
• active channels are hot spots
• thread queries need their own access path
• search should eventually move out of the primary database if usage grows

That level of foresight is usually enough for an intermediate project.

---

What I Intentionally Left Out

This was the most important part of the whole exercise.

I left out features that are expensive, distracting, or mostly orthogonal to the architecture I wanted to study:

• rich formatting and slash commands
• file storage pipeline
• notifications across web/mobile/email
• organization-wide admin tooling
• external integrations
• analytics and audit logs
• advanced moderation and compliance features

Why? Because each of those is its own system.

If I had included them, the project would have become a collection of side quests instead of a focused reverse-engineering exercise.

A good clone app tutorial is not about copying surface area. It’s about identifying the product’s structural core.

---

Mistakes, Edge Cases, and Optimization Tips

A few things surprised me during the build:

Threads complicate everything earlier than expected

As soon as replies can branch away from the main timeline, you have to think carefully about:

• query patterns
• unread logic
• URL structure
• cache invalidation

If you want the simplest possible version, build channels first and add threads second.

Search can dominate architecture if you let it

The moment users expect great search, you’re no longer “just building chat.” You’re building indexing, ranking, and retrieval systems.

Keep search intentionally narrow in early versions.

Real-time UX is often mostly illusion

A lot of the polish comes from:

• optimistic inserts
• smooth scroll behavior
• clear loading states
• stable ordering

Those improvements often matter more than ultra-low-latency infrastructure in a small build.

Permissions explode fast

Public channels plus workspace membership are easy. Private channels, guest users, and role-based admin features are not.

If your goal is to understand core app architecture, stay with a simpler permission model first.

---

Final Takeaway

Rebuilding a popular app in simpler form taught me more than building an “original” side project from scratch.

Why? Because the constraints were clearer. The user expectations were familiar. And every feature forced a useful question:

• Is this core, or just polished?
• Should this be modeled in data, API, or UI?
• Does this complexity belong now, or later?

For intermediate developers, that’s the real value of reverse engineering apps. You stop thinking in pages and components, and start thinking in systems, boundaries, and tradeoffs.

If you want to practice architecture without disappearing into enterprise complexity, this is a great format: pick one recognizable app, reduce it to the smallest honest version, and build that version well.

If you want to explore the implementation, compare the structure, or adapt the ideas to your own project, Check out the code in the GitHub repos.

How to Create a Custom Shortcode in WordPress

Shortcodes are a powerful feature in WordPress that allow you to add dynamic content to your posts and pages without writing any code. By default, WordPress comes with several shortcodes that you can use, such as and . However, you can also create your own custom shortcodes to add even more functionality to your WordPress site.

In this tutorial, we will show you how to create a custom shortcode in WordPress that will display a custom message with different color options.

Step 1: Create a New Function

The first step is to create a new function that will generate the HTML for the custom shortcode. You can add this function to your theme’s functions.php file or create a new plugin for it.

Here’s an example function that creates a shortcode called [custom_message]:

function custom_message_shortcode( $atts, $content = null ) {
    $atts = shortcode_atts(
        array(
            'color' => 'black',
        ), $atts, 'custom_message' );

    $output = '<div style="color: ' . $atts['color'] . ';">';
    $output .= '<p>' . $content . '</p>';
    $output .= '</div>';

    return $output;
}
add_shortcode('custom_message','custom_message_shortcode' );

This function uses the shortcode_atts function to set default values for the color attribute. It then generates some HTML based on the provided attributes and returns it as a string. Finally, the add_shortcode function is used to register the shortcode with the name “custom_message” and associate it with the custom_message_shortcode function.

Step 2: Use the Shortcode

Now that the custom shortcode has been created, you can use it in your posts and pages. Simply add the

[custom_message color="red"]This is a custom message in red![/custom_message]

This shortcode will generate a custom message with the text “This is a custom message in red!” and the color red.

You can also use the shortcode without any attributes, like this:

[custom_message]This is a custom message with the default color.[/custom_message]

This shortcode will generate a custom message with the text “This is a custom message with the default color.” and the default color of black.

Conclusion

Creating a custom shortcode in WordPress is a simple and effective way to add dynamic content to your site. By following the steps outlined in this tutorial, you can create your own custom shortcodes that will save you time and make your content more engaging.